Fiat-pegged stablecoins issued by a regulated bank or a bank's dedicated subsidiary, structured as a claim on a segregated reserve pool or as electronic money but not as a bank deposit. Tokens are pegged 1:1 to a fiat currency and fully backed by ring-fenced reserve assets (cash and high-quality liquid assets) held off the bank's lending balance sheet, typically bankruptcy-remote from the issuer, with redemption at par. Unlike tokenized deposits, holders are not depositors of the bank: the token is a reserve-backed or e-money claim, generally non-interest-bearing, issued under a stablecoin or e-money regime (e.g., MiCA EMT in the EU, GENIUS Act payment stablecoins in the US) rather than deposit/banking law.
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